Pituitary Apoplexy, Meningitis and Cerebral Infarction - A Perplexing Trifecta

Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is a clinical diagnosis comprising a sudden onset of headache, neurological deficits, endocrine disturbances, altered consciousness, visual loss, or ophthalmoplegia. However, clinically, the presentation of PA is extremely variable and occasionally fatal. While meningitis and cerebral infarcts are themselves serious diseases, they are rarely seen as manifestations of PA and are exceedingly rare when present together. We present the case of a 20-year-old male with a rapid progression of symptoms of meningitis, PA and stroke. The present article seeks to emphasize a rare manifestation of PA with an attempt to understand the intricacies of its evaluation and management.

Application of Cervical Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials in Adults with Moderate to Profound Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Preliminary Study

Abstract Introduction The cochlea and the vestibular receptors are closely related in terms of anatomy and phylogeny. Patients with moderate to profound sensorineural hearing loss (MPSHL) should have their vestibular organ functions tested. Objective To evaluate the incidence of vestibular abnormalities in patients with MPSHL and to study the correlation between the etiology of hearing loss (HL) and a possible damage to the labyrinth. Methods A case-control retrospective study was performed. In the case group, 20 adults with MPSHL of known etiology were included. The control group was composed of 15 adults with normal hearing. The case group was divided into 4 subgroups based on the etiology (bacterial meningitis, virus, vascular disease, congenital). Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) were used to rate the saccular function and lower vestibular nerve. Results The study was performed in 70 ears, and it highlighted the presence of early biphasic P1-N1 complex in 29 (71.5%) out of 40 ears in the study group, and in all of the 30 ears in the control group (p = 0.001). Regarding the presence or absence of cVEMPs among the four subgroups of patients with MPSHL, the data were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The comparison between the latencies and amplitude of P1-N1 in case and control groups from other studies and in the four subgroups of cases in the present study did not detect statistically significant differences. Conclusion The present study demonstrates that patients with MPSHL have a high incidence of damage to the labyrinthine organs, and it increases the current knowledge about the etiopathogenesis of sensorineural HL, which is often of unknown nature.

Meningitis e hipoacusia por manipulación de carne porcina / Meningitis and hypoacusia due to swine meat handling

Resumen En Chile se han descrito ocasionalmente casos de meningitis zoonótica por Streptococcus suis ligados a criaderos de cerdos en el sur del país. Presentamos el caso de una mujer que desarrolló un cuadro de meningitis aguda bacteriana por este agente dos días después de manipular un cerdo faenado. No tenía crianza de cerdos ni visitaba granjas de animales. El diagnóstico fue establecido por el cultivo del LCR. Desarrolló una hipoacusia profunda que no mejoró a pesar del uso de corticoesteroides ni tratamiento antimicrobiano, sin otras complicaciones. La meningitis por S. suis es una condición emergente y ligada a porcinos en diferentes formas. La hipoacusia es una complicación frecuente con este agente.

Zoonotic meningitis by Streptococcus suis has been described occasionally in Chile and linked to pig farmers in the south of the country. We report a female case that developed acute bacterial meningitis by this agent, two days after handling a piece of raw swine meat. She did not participate on swine breeding nor visited farms. Diagnosis was obtained by CSF culture. A severe hearing loss and not recovered despite corticosteroids use and antimicrobial treatment, without others complications. Meningitis by S. suis is emerging as a new pathogen and linked to swine in different forms. Hypoacusis happens frequently with this agent.

Meningite aguda bacteriana na população infantojuvenil: principais agentes e métodos para diagnóstico - uma revisão da literatura / Acute bacterial meningitis in children and young population: main agents and methods for diagnosis - a literature review

A meningite bacteriana é uma afecção de grande significância devido a sua relação com alta mortalidade e morbidade na população neonatal a jovem. Devido a este fato é importante o conhecimento sobre esta doença e os seus principais agentes etiológicos. Com o objetivo de relatar os principais métodos de diagnóstico, assim como os principais agentes etiológicos envolvidos na fisiopatologia da meningite bacteriana em população jovem foi realizada uma busca por artigos publicados nos últimos 5 anos nas bases de dados Pubmed, Scielo, Bireme e Lilacs. A literatura atual aponta como microrganismos predominantes na incidência dessa doença a N. meningitidis S. pneumoniae, sendo as mais recorrentes na população de faixa etária entre 29 dias e 17 anos. Os fatores relacionados ao prognóstico estão intimamente relacionados com a distinção da classificação do agente etiológico em bacteriano ou viral, importante para a determinação da terapia adequada.

Bacterial meningitis is a highly significant disease due to its relationship with high mortality and morbidity in neonatal and young population. Due to this is important to know about this disease and its main etiological agents. In purpose to report the main diagnostic methods, as well as the main etiological agents involved in the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis was conducted a search for articles published in the last five years in Pubmed, Scielo, Bireme and Lilacs. The current literature indicates N. meningitidis S. pneumoniae the most predominant microorganisms in the incidence of this disease between population aged between 29 days and 17 years. Factors related to prognosis are closely related to the classification distinction of the etiologic agent in bacterial or viral, important to determine the ap- propriate therapy.

Spontaneous remission of acromegaly: apoplexy mimicking meningitis or meningitis as a cause of apoplexy? / Remissão espontânea da acromegalia: meningite simulando apoplexia ou meningite como causa da apoplexia?

Pituitary apoplexy is a rare but potentially life-threatening clinical syndrome characterized by ischemic infarction or hemorrhage into a pituitary tumor. The diagnosis of pituitary tumor apoplexy is frequently complicated because of the nonspecific nature of its signs and symptoms, which can mimic different neurological processes, including meningitis. Several factors have been associated with apoplexy, such as dopamine agonists, radiotherapy, or head trauma, but meningitis is a rarely reported cause. We describe the case of a 51-year-old woman with acromegaly due to a pituitary macroadenoma. Before surgical treatment, she arrived at Emergency with fever, nausea, vomiting and meningismus. Symptoms and laboratory tests suggested bacterial meningitis, and antibiotic therapy was initiated, with quick improvement. A computerized tomography (CT) scan at admission did not reveal any change in pituitary adenoma, but a few weeks later, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed data of pituitary apoplexy with complete disappearance of the adenoma. Currently, her acromegaly is cured, but she developed hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus following apoplexy. We question whether she really experienced meningitis leading to apoplexy or whether apoplexy was misinterpreted as meningitis. In conclusion, the relationship between meningitis and pituitary apoplexy may be bidirectional. Apoplexy can mimic viral or bacterial meningitis, but meningitis might cause apoplexy, as well. This fact highlights the importance of differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with pituitary adenomas and acute neurological symptoms.

A apoplexia é uma síndrome clínica rara, mas potencialmente fatal, caracterizada por infarto isquêmico ou hemorragia em um tumor pituitário. O diagnóstico de apoplexia de tumor pituitário é frequentemente complicado pela natureza inespecífica dos seus sinais e sintomas, que podem simular diferentes processos neurológicos, incluindo a meningite. Vários fatores estão associados com a apoplexia, como o uso de agonistas dopaminérgicos, radioterapia ou trauma da cabeça, mas a meningite foi raramente relatada. Descrevemos o caso de uma mulher de 51 anos de idade com acromegalia por um macroadenoma pituitário. Antes do tratamento cirúrgico, ela foi trazida ao pronto-socorro com febre, náusea, vômitos e meningismo. Os sintomas e análises laboratoriais sugeriram meningite bacteriana e o tratamento com antibióticos foi iniciado, com melhora rápida dos sintomas. Uma tomografia computadorizada (CT) na admissão ao hospital não revelou nenhuma alteração no adenoma pituitário, mas algumas semanas depois uma ressonância magnética (MRI) mostrou informações de apoplexia pituitária, com desaparecimento completo do adenoma. Atualmente, a acromegalia está curada, mas ela desenvolveu hipopituitarismo e diabetes insipidus depois da apoplexia. Questionamo-nos se a paciente realmente apresentou meningite que levou à apoplexia ou se a apoplexia foi mal interpretada como sendo meningite. A relação entre a meningite e a apoplexia pode ser bidirecional. A apoplexia pode simular a meningite viral ou bacteriana, mas a meningite também pode causar apoplexia. Esse fato enfatiza a importância do diagnóstico diferencial ao se avaliar pacientes com adenomas pituitários e sintomas neurológicos.

Revisão sistemática do uso da dexametasona como terapia adjuvante na meningite bacteriana em crianças / Systematic review of dexamethasone as an adjuvant therapy for bacterial meningitis in children / Revisión sistemática del uso de la dexametasona como terapia adyuvante en la meningitis bacteriana en niños

OBJETIVO: Analisar a melhor evidência disponível nos últimos 15 anos com relação aos benefícios da terapia adjuvante com dexametasona na meningite bacteriana em população pediátrica. FONTES DE DADOS: Das bases de dados Medline, Lilacs e SciELO, foram analisados ensaios clínicos randomizados de 1996 a 2011, os quais comparavam a dexametasona ao placebo e/ou a outra terapia adjuvante em pacientes com meningite bacteriana diagnosticada laboratorialmente por critérios quimiocitológicos e/ou bacteriológicos, na faixa etária de 29 dias aos 18 anos. Os desfechos avaliados foram mortalidade e ocorrência de sequelas neurológicas e/ou auditivas. Foram excluídos estudos relacionados à meningite tuberculosa. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Com os critérios utilizados, foram identificadas cinco publicações correspondentes a quatro protocolos de estudo. Nenhum dos estudos mostrou diferenças entre a dexametasona e o placebo para os desfechos avaliados. Os estudos analisados tiveram alta qualidade (escore de Jadad et al=5). CONCLUSÕES: As evidências encontradas na literatura são insuficientes para indicar de forma rotineira o uso da dexametasona como terapia adjuvante para redução de mortalidade, perda auditiva e sequelas neurológicas em pacientes pediátricos com meningite bacteriana não tuberculosa.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the best available evidence from the last 15 years on the benefits of adjuvant therapy with dexamethasone for bacterial meningitis in children. DATA SOURCES: Randomized controlled trials comparing dexamethasone to placebo and/or other adjuvant therapies in patients with bacterial meningitis diagnosed by biochemical, cytological and/or microbiological data. Studies with patients from 29 days to 18 years of age, from 1996 to 2011, were searched at Medline, Lilacs and SciELO databases. The evaluated outcomes were mortality and development of neurological and/or hearing impairment. Studies related to tuberculous meningitis were excluded. DATA SYNTHESIS: With the specified criteria, five published studies were identified corresponding to four study protocols. None of the studies showed differences between dexamethasone and placebo for the evaluated outcomes. All analyzed studies had high methodological quality (Jadad et al score=5). CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence is insufficient to support routine adjuvant therapy with dexamethasone to reduce mortality, hearing impairment, or neurological sequelae in pediatric patients with non-tuberculous bacterial meningitis.

OBJETIVO: El presente estudio tiene por objetivo el análisis de la mejor evidencia disponible los últimos 15 años respecto a los beneficios de la terapia adyuvante con dexametasona en la meningitis bacteriana en población pediátrica por medio de revisión sistemática. FUENTES DE DATOS: De las bases de datos Medline, Lilacs y ScieLO, se analizaron ensayos clínicos aleatorios de 1996 a 2011 que comparaban la dexametasona al placebo y/u otra terapia adyuvante, en pacientes con meningitis bacteriana diagnosticada laboratorialmente por criterios quimiocitológicos y/o bacteriológicos, en la franja de edad de 29 días a 18 años. Los desenlaces evaluados fueron mortalidad y ocurrencia de secuelas neurológicas y/o auditivas. Se excluyeron estudios con meningitis tuberculosa. SÍNTESIS DE LOS DATOS: Con los criterios utilizados, se identificaron cinco publicaciones correspondientes a cuatro protocolos de estudio. Ninguno de los estudios mostró diferencias entre la dexametasona y el placebo para los desenlaces evaluados. Todos los estudios analizados tuvieron alta calidad (escore Jadad=5). CONCLUSIÓN: Las evidencias encontradas en la literatura son insuficientes para indicar, de modo rutinario, el uso de la dexametasona como terapia adyuvante para reducción de la mortalidad, pérdida auditiva y secuelas neurológicas, en pacientes pediátricos con meningitis bacteriana no tuberculosa.

Eficácia da associação de dexametasona à antibioticoterapia em pacientes pediátricos com meningite bacteriana / Effectiveness of the association of dexamethasone with antibiotic therapy in pediatric patients with bacterial meningitis

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da associação de corticoide ao tratamento padrão da meningite bacteriana em pacientes pediátricos. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se revisão sistemática da literatura através da base de dados MEDLINE. Foram incluídos apenas ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados que comparassem a dexametasona ao placebo no tratamento de pacientes pediátricos com meningite bacteriana. RESULTADOS: Oito artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram selecionados para análise. Não houve diferença nas taxas de mortalidade (p = 0,86) ou de incidências de sequelas neurológicas (p = 0,41) e audiológicas (p = 0,48) entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Não existem benefícios na associação de corticoide ao tratamento da meningite bacteriana em pacientes pediátricos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of the association of corticosteroids and the standard treatment of bacterial meningitis in pediatric patients. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted through the MEDLINE database. Only randomized controlled trials comparing dexamethasone with placebo in the treatment of pediatric patients with bacterial meningitis were included. RESULTS: Eight articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected for analysis. There were no difference in mortality (p = 0.86), and incidence of neurological (p = 0.41) and auditory (p = 0.48) sequelae between the groups. CONCLUSION: There are no benefits in associating corticosteroids with the standard treatment of bacterial meningitis in pediatric patients.

A Case of Steroid-induced Hyperinfective Strongyloidiasis with Bacterial Meningitis / 대한소화기학회지

Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil transmitted intestinal nematode that is endemic in the tropical and subtropical regions. In most individuals who are infected, chronic, usually asymptomatic, gastrointestinal infection persists. But, in immunocompromized hosts or in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy, autoinfection of S. stercoralis may result in the dissemination of larvae, leading to fatal hyperinfection and increased rate of complications. We report a case of hyperinfective strongyloidiasis with bacterial meningitis in a patient receiving steroid therapy. Strongyloidiasis was diagnosed by the presence of filariform larvae of S. stercoralis in the bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and upper gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsy specimen. Her clinical symptoms had progressively aggravated and developed bacterial meningitis during treatment. She died despite aggressive antibiotic and antihelminthic therapy.

Neurosífilis meningovascular y gomatosa cerebral concomitante, en paciente seronegativo para virus de inmunodeficiencia humana / Meningovascular neurosyphilis and concomitant syphilitic gummata in hiv-seronegative patients

Neurosyphilis (NS) is caused by the presence of Treponema Pallidum (TP) spirochete within the Central Nervous System (CNS), mainly affecting the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 5 percent to 10 percent of untreated syphilitic patients are deemed to develop symptomatic NSÕ. Its incidence and clinical spectrum have changed over the years with prevalence of early clinical stages of meningitic and meningovascular (MV) NS and exceptional occurrence of late clinical stages (tabes dorsalis, general paresis, and gummata) in the age of antibiotics. The case under analysis deals with aggressive MV and concomitant brain gumma (BG) NS. The case subject is a human inmunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative, 44-year-old woman with 2-year symptomatic latency. Her medical record showed recurrent sensorimotor vascular involvement, fast cognitive damage and chronic, daily cephalea. She met clinical diagnosis, cerebrospinal fluid and serologic criteria for NS. Brain computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) reported lenticulostriate artery infarction and bilateral ganglionic syphilitic gummata. She underwent Penicillin G-based treatment, making progress with neurological, cognitive-motor sequelae. Although NS has anticipated and speeded up its several clinical stages in connection with HIV/Syphilis co-infection, the peculiarity of this case is the concurrence of early and late NS manifestations in HIV-seronegative patient. The conclusion is that NS is a disease that still prevails and that appropriate diagnosis and treatment prevent irreversible neurological sequelae.

La Neurosífilis (NS) es causada por la invasión del Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) por la espiroqueta Treponema Pallidum (TP), afectando primariamente las meninges y líquido cefalorraquídeo. Entre 5 a 10 por ciento de los pacientes sifilíticos no tratados desarrollarán una NS sintomáticaÕ. Su incidencia y espectro clínico ha cambiado a lo largo del tiempo, siendo las formas clínicas precoces meníngea y meningovascular (MV) las más prevalentes. En contraste, las formas tardías (tabes dorsal, parálisis general y gomas) son de ocurrencia excepcional en la era antibiótica. Se analiza un caso de NS menigovascular y gomas cerebrales concomitantes, de curso clínico agresivo. En una mujer de 44 años, seronegativa para virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), con latencia sintomática de dos años. Presentaba una historia de focalidad sensitivo-motor de perfil vascular recurrente, rápido deterioro cognitivo-motor y cefalea crónica diaria. Cumplía criterios diagnósticos clínicos, licuorales y serológicos para NS. La Tomografía computada (TC) y Resonancia Magnética (RM) cerebral mostró infartos arteriolares lentículo-estriados y gomas sifilíticas ganglionares bilaterales. Recibió tratamiento con Penicilina G, evolucionando con secuelas neurológicas cognitivas-motoras. Si bien, la NS actualmente, ha anticipado y acelerado sus diferentes formas clínicas en relación a co-infección VIH/Sífilis. Lo llamativo de este caso, es la presentación concomitante de con manifestaciones precoces y tardías de NS en paciente VIH seronegativo. Se concluye que la NS sigue siendo una enfermedad vigente y su diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno previene secuelas neurológicas irreversibles.

Streptococcus suis Meningitis with Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss / 대한진단검사의학회지

Streptococcus suis infection is an emerging zoonosis in Asia. The most common disease manifestation is meningitis, which is often associated with hearing loss and cochleovestibular signs. S. suis infection in humans mainly occurs among risk groups that have frequent exposure to pigs or raw pork. Here, we report a case of S. suis meningitis in a 67-yr-old pig carcass handler, who presented with dizziness and sensorineural hearing loss followed by headaches. Gram-positive diplococci were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood cultures and showed gray-white colonies with alpha-hemolysis. S. suis was identified from CSF and blood cultures by using a Vitek 2 system (bioMerieux, France), API 20 STREP (bioMerieux), and performing 16S rRNA and tuf gene sequencing. Even after receiving antibiotic treatment, patients with S. suis infection frequently show complications such as hearing impairment and vestibular dysfunction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of S. suis meningitis in Korea. Prevention through public health surveillance is recommended, especially for individuals who have occupational exposures to swine and raw pork.

Uso de corticoides en niños con meningitis bacteriana ¿Cuál es la evidencia actual? / Use of steroids in children with bacterial meningitis. What is the current evidence?

En modelos experimentales los corticoides redujeron la gravedad del proceso inflamatorio del espacio subaracnoideo, causante de complicaciones de meningitis bacteriana. Su uso se ha propuesto como medicación coadyuvante para disminuir las muertes, secuelas neurológicas e hipoacusia post meningitis. Numerosos estudios efectuados informaron resultados contradictorios en cuanto su eficacia. En el presente trabajo se analizó la evidencia actual de los corticoides como medicación coadyuvante en meningitis bacteriana en pediatría. Material y métodos: la búsqueda se realizó en MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, motores de búsqueda Google y Yahoo de artículos publicados en los últimos 5 años. De los 28 artículos que encontramos con las palabras claves steroids AND bacterial meningitis, 9 constituyen esta revisión. Resultados: ninguno de los 5 trabajos que analizaron la mortalidad encontró que la dexametasona la disminuía al compararlo con placebo. Los corticoides tampoco disminuían las secuelas neurológicas en los 3 artículos que trataron esta complicación. Los corticoides estaban asociados a menor tasa de hipoacusia que el placebo en meningitis por Haemophilus influenzae en 3 trabajos, no así en otros 4. Conclusiones: no hay evidencia que los corticoides prevengan la muerte o las secuelas neurológicas en niños con meningitis. Los efectos protectores en la audición son contradictorios y no existe evidencia firme que apoye su uso. El análisis de esta complicación es particularmente complejo dado los diferentes niveles de evidencia, de metodología de estudios, de evaluaciones audiométricas y de poblaciones disímiles en cuanto a acceso a servicios de salud y situación sanitaria (AU)

In experimental models dexamethasone, reduces the severity of inflammation in de subarachnoid space responsible for complications of bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone has been proposed as adjuvant therapy to reduce postmeningitis, death, neurologic sequelae and hearing loss. Numerous studies have been performed, but contradictory results have been reported regarding its efficacy. We analyzed the current evidence of steroids as adjuvant therapy in children with bacterial meningitis. Material and methods: we reviewed the MEDLINE database, Cochrane Library, Yahoo and Google search engines for articles published in the last 5 years. We found 28 articles that matched the keywords "steroids" and "bacterial meningitis" and narrowed the analysis to 9 articles containing adequate evidence. Results: mortality rates were not reduced with dexamethasone compared to placebo in the 5 articles that addressed this endpoint. Neither were neurologic sequelae reduced with steroids in the 3 articles that addressed this outcome. Steroids were associated with prevention of post meningitis hearing loss in 3 studies, but not in the other 4. Conclusions: there is no current evidence that steroids prevent death or neurologic sequelae after bacterial meningitis in children. The protective properties of steroids in hearing loss are contradictory and no firm evidence favors their use. Different levels of evidence, different methodological studies, audiometric evaluation, and dissimilar health care and sanitary conditions, make the analysis of this endpoint particularly complex (AU)

Tratamiento coadyuvante: complicaciones agudas / Coadyuvant treatment: acute complications

En el tratamiento de la meningitis, la administración de potentes antibióticos produce la lisis bacteriana y la liberación de sus componentes, lo cual estimula la cascada inflamatoria. Este hecho explica el deterioro neurológico que se evidencia en ocasiones después de iniciados los antimicrobianos. La letalidad de la meningitis bacteriana en niños se encuentra entre un 4 y 10%, y el pronóstico varía dependiendo de múltiples factores: edad, presencia de comorbilidad, patógeno responsable y grado de severidad y compromiso al momento de la admisión. Se ha propuesto que la administración de un tratamiento coadyuvante temprano (uso de esteroides y/o glicerol) que disminuya la respuesta inflamatoria, pueda evitar estas complicaciones y mejorar el pronóstico. Las complicaciones agudas son frecuentes y todas deben manejarse en forma precoz, desde el ingreso en la sala de emergencia con la terapia usual, siguiendo los lineamientos establecidos en los protocolos de reanimación, los cuales han demostrado mejorar la supervivencia de estos pacientes. La meta primordial del tratamiento es evitar o disminuir el daño secundario causado por eventuales problemas hemodinámicos, hipóxicos, hidroelectrolíticos, convulsiones, entre otros. Se contemplan las medidas de prevención o tratamiento, las cuales en muchos casos requieren de la monitorización permanente del paciente

During the treatment of meningitis, the administration of potent antibiotics produces bacterial lyses and the release of its components, which stimulate the inflammatory cascade. This explains the neurological deterioration that occurs occasionally after antibiotic therapy is initiated. The lethality of bacterial meningitis in children is 4 to 10% and its prognosis varies by multiple factors: age, co morbidity, responsible pathogen and severity and clinical compromise at the time of admission. It has been suggested that the administration of early adjuvant treatment (steroids and/or glycerol) reduces the inflammatory response, may prevent complications and improve the outcome. Acute complications are frequent and must be treated early after admission in the emergency room with standard therapy, following the guidelines set out in CPR protocols, which have been shown to improve survival in these patients. The primary goal of treatment is to prevent or reduce the secondary damage caused by hemodynamic, hypoxic, electrolyte disorders and seizures, among others. Preventive and therapeutic strategies are reviewed, which in many cases will require constant monitoring of the patient

Staphylococcus warneri meningitis in a patient with Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection and lymphoma: first report of a case / Staphylococcus warneri meningite em paciente com hiperinfecção com Strongyloides stercoralis e linfoma: primeiro relato de caso

A case of meningitis due to Staphylococcus warneri in a patient with a hyperinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis possibly associated with rituximab treatment for mantel cell lymphoma is reported for the first time in the literature. The patient was a 59-year-old woman, with a 3-year history of an apparently well controlled lymphoma after treatment with chemotherapy-immunotherapy and then immunotherapy alone, and diagnosis of strongyloidiasis. Meningitis was diagnosed by cerebrospinal fluid culture and tested with an automated plate system. The patient was successfully treated with vancomycin; although fever and productive cough persisted. Severe gastrointestinal symptoms and pneumonia developed three weeks later. Hyperinfection syndrome by S. stercoralis was diagnosed, with abundant larvae in feces and expectoration.

Caso de meningite por Staphylococcus warneri em paciente com hiperinfecção com Strongyloides stercoralis, possivelmente associada com tratamento de rituximab para linfoma de células do manto é relatada pela primeira vez na literatura. A paciente, mulher de 59 anos com história de três anos de linfoma aparentemente bem controlado com tratamento com quimioterapia-imunoterapia e, em seguida, somente imunoterapia e diagnóstico de estrongiloidíase. Meningite foi diagnosticada por cultura do líquido cefalorraquidiano e testada com sistema automatizado de placa. A paciente foi tratada com sucesso com vancomicina, embora a febre e a tosse produtiva não tenham desaparecido. Após graves sintomas gastrointestinais a paciente desenvolveu pneumonia três semanas mais tarde. Síndrome de hiperinfecção por S. stercoralis foi diagnosticada, com larvas abundantes nas fezes e expectoração.

Bilateral Endophthalmitis as the Initial Presentation of Bacterial Meningitis

To report a case of bilateral endophthalmitis as the initial presentation of bacterial meningitis in a young, immunocompetent Korean patient. A 35-year-old female with a one day history of bilateral swollen eyes, visual disturbance, headache, petechial skin rash, and nausea visited our clinic. She was diagnosed as having endogenous endophthalmitis associated with bacterial meningitis. Intravenous broad spectrum antibiotic therapy was initiated with cefotaxime 3 g and ubacillin 3 g, four times daily. Intravitreal antibiotic (vancomycin 1 mg/0.1 mL and ceftazidime 2 mg/0.1 mL) injections were performed in both eyes. Two weeks post presentation, the best corrected visual acuity in both eyes improved to 0.7, and inflammation of the anterior chamber and vitreous cavity was decreased. We recommend that when endogenous endophthalmitis is suspected along with meningitis, or if it is known to be present, intravitreal and intravenous antibiotics should be promptly administered to preserve vision.

Meningitis bacteriana por Lactococcus lactis cremoris / Bacterial meningitis caused by Lactococcus lactis cremoris

Introducción: Lactococcus lactis cremoris es una bacteria perteneciente a la familia Streptococcaceae que normalmente puede aislarse como parte de la microbiota transitoria o residente del tracto gastrointestinal en el ser humano. Se considera esencial en la industria alimenticia donde se emplea en la fermentación de la leche para la obtención de productos derivados como el queso, yogur, mantequilla, entre otros. Objetivos: este caso constituye el primer reporte de un paciente adulto sin evidencias anteriores de inmunodepresión con una meningitis bacteriana por L. lactis. Métodos: se estudió la evolución del caso de una paciente de 73 años de edad, que llegó al cuerpo de guardia del hospital con un cuadro clínico sobreagudo dado por trastornos de la conducta como irritabilidad con inmediata evolución a estado de obnubilación y desorientación. Se realizó el diagnóstico microbiológico utilizando las técnicas convencionales de identificación y los estudios de sensibilidad antimicrobiana. Resultados: se diagnosticó una meningitis bacteriana por L. lactis, bacteria asociada a procesos infecciosos fundamentalmente en pacientes pediátricos e inmunodeprimidos. Conclusiones: el modo de transmisión de la infección es indirecto por vía oral. No se determinó el foco primario de infección a partir del cual se produjo la diseminación dentro del organismo, la cual se considera fue por vía hematógena según la localización anatómica de los sitios donde se encontraron signos de sepsis. En los datos referidos en la historia clínica de la paciente no se encontró ningún antecedente de compromiso de su inmunidad antes del cuadro clínico que motivó el ingreso.

Background: Lactococcus lactis cremoris is a bacteria from Streptococcaceae family that may usually be isolated as part of transient or residing microbiota in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is considered essential element in the food industry where it is used as milk fermenter to obtain byproducts such as cheese, yoghurt, butter and others. Objectives: this is the first report of an adult patient with bacterial meningitis by L. lactis, without a previous history of immunosuppresion. Methods: the evolution of a 73 years-old female patient, who came to the Emergency Department with a very acute clinical picture of behavioural disorders like irritability, immediately evolving into obnulation condition and lack of proper orientation. The conventional identification techniques together with the antimicrobial sensitivity studies allowed making the microbiological diagnosis. Results: bacterial meningitis caused by L. lactis was diagnosed. This bacterium is linked to infectious processes mainly in pediatric and inmmunosuppresed patients. Conclusions: the mode of transmission is indirect and orally. The primary focus of infection from which the virus disseminated inside the body was not found. It was considered then that it occurred according to the anatomical location of the sites where sepsis signs were found. According to the data provided by the patient´s medical history, not a single antecedent of compromised immunity was found before appearing the above-mentioned clinical picture.

Culture- and antigen-negative meningitis in Guatemalan children / Meningitis negativa a pruebas antigénicas y de cultivo en niños guatemaltecos

OBJECTIVE: To compare children with confirmed bacterial meningitis (CBM) and those with culture- and latex-negative meningitis (CLN). METHODS: Children 1 to 59 months of age admitted to three major referral hospitals in Guatemala City with clinical signs compatible with bacterial infections were evaluated prospectively between 1 October 1996 and 31 December 2005. Bacterial cultures and latex agglutination antigen testing were performed on samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). RESULTS: The case-fatality rate was significantly higher in the 493 children with CBM than in the 528 children with CLN (27.6 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively; P < 0.001). Children with CBM were less likely to have received antibiotics and more likely to have seizures, shock, or coma on admission than children with CLN. Among the 182 CBM survivors and 205 CLN survivors studied between October 2000 and December 2005, clinically observed sequelae were present at discharge in a higher percentage of the CBM than of the CLN group (78.6 percent and 46.8 percent, respectively; P < 0.0001). CSF glucose < 10 mg/dL, peripheral neutrophils < 2 000 cells/mm³, coma or shock at admission, and concurrent sepsis or pneumonia were risk factors for mortality in children with CBM; only coma or shock at admission predicted mortality in children with CLN. CONCLUSIONS: The high case-fatality and sequelae rates suggest that many children with CLN may have had bacterial meningitis. Estimates based on confirmed meningitis alone underestimate the true vaccine-preventable disease burden. Additional studies to determine etiologies of CLN in this population are indicated.

OBJETIVO: Comparar los casos infantiles de meningitis bacteriana confirmada (MBC) y meningitis negativa a pruebas de látex y de cultivo (MNLC). MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron los niños de 1 a 59 meses de edad ingresados en tres grandes hospitales de referencia de la Ciudad de Guatemala entre el 1 de octubre de 1996 y el 31 de diciembre de 2005 con signos clínicos de infección bacteriana. Se realizaron cultivos bacterianos y pruebas de aglutinación antigénica con látex en muestras de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). RESULTADOS: La tasa de letalidad fue significativamente mayor en los 493 niños con MBC que en los 528 niños con MNLC (27,6 por ciento y 14,9 por ciento, respectivamente; P < 0,001). Los niños con MBC tuvieron menor probabilidad de recibir antibióticos y mayor de sufrir convulsiones, choques o entrar en coma al ser ingresados que los niños con MNLC. Se observó un mayor porcentaje de manifestaciones clínicas de secuelas al alta hospitalaria en los 182 niños sobrevivientes con MBC que en los 205 sobrevivientes con MNLC estudiados entre octubre de 2000 y diciembre de 2005 (78,6 por ciento y 46,8 por ciento, respectivamente; P < 0,0001). Los factores de riesgo de muerte en los niños con MBC fueron: glucosa en LCR < 10 mg/dL, neutrófilos periféricos < 2 000 células/mm³, coma o choque al ingreso, y sepsis o neumonía concurrentes; solo el coma y el choque al ingreso predijeron la muerte en niños con MNLC. CONCLUSIONES: Las altas tasas de letalidad y de secuelas indican que muchos niños con MNLC pueden haber tenido meningitis bacteriana. Las estadísticas basadas solamente en los casos confirmados de meningitis subestiman la verdadera carga de enfermedad prevenible mediante vacuna. Se deben emprender estudios adicionales para determinar las etiologías de la MNLC en esta población.

Meningitis neonatal por Streptococcus pyogenes y revisión de la literatura de los últimos 50 años / Neonatal meningitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and literature review of the last 50 years

Se describe el caso de un recién nacido fallecido a causa de meningitis bacteriana por estreptococo del grupo A. Se revisó la literatura mediante la búsqueda en distintas bases de datos y otras fuentes de los últimos 50 años. Antes de la publicación de este caso, se han documentado casos de otros 20 neonatos con meningitis bacteriana por estreptococo del grupo A y se halla la descripción clínica de ellos desde el año 1957. En otros artículos al mostrar la casuística de sepsis o meningitis neonatal, en general, reportan casos de recién nacidos con esta infección ocasionada por estreptococos del grupo A, pero no se ofrece información detallada de los casos. Según las publicaciones citadas, se demuestra que, aunque en la actualidad el estreptococo del grupo A no es ya un azote en el período neonatal, puede considerarse entre los microorganismos causales de meningitis bacteriana neonatal.

The case of a newborn infant who died of bacterial meningitis caused by streptococcus of the group A was described. The literature was reviewed by searching different databases and other sources of the last 50 years. Before publishing this case, cases of other 20 neonates with bacterial meningitis due to streptococcus of the group A have been documented and their clinical description has been made since 1957. Other articles show the casuistics of sepsis or neonatal meningitis in general by reporting cases of newborns with this infection produced by streptococcus of group A, but no detailed information of the cases is provided. According to the publications cited, it was proved that in spite of the fact that at present streptococcus is not a hazard in the neonatal period, it may be considered among the microorganisms causing neonatal bacterial meningitis.